Children in Poverty

Key facts about child poverty

• In 2016, nearly 1 in 5 children lived in families with incomes below the federal poverty line, the lowest level since the Great Recession (which began in late 2007).
• Child poverty has decreased since 1960, falling from 27 to 18 percent of children as of 2016, although this rate rose during the Great Recession.
• Compared to other races/ethnicities, the proportion of children in poverty is highest among non-Hispanic black and Hispanic children (31 and 27 percent, respectively).

Trends in child poverty

After reaching 23 percent in 1993—the highest rate since 1964—child poverty (children in families with income below 100% of the federal poverty level) fell to 16 percent in 1999. The rate then rose slowly through 2004, to 18 percent. The child poverty rate began to reflect the most recent economic downturn in 2007. From 2006 to 2010, child poverty increased by more than one-fourth, to 22 percent of all children under 18, before declining from 2010 to 2016, to 18 percent. A small uptick in 2014, to 21 percent, may be attributed to a change in income reporting: Comparable 2013 numbers using the new income reporting procedures show a rate of 22 percent.[1]

Many researchers and advocates below 200 percent of the poverty threshold to identify families with low incomes.[2] In 2016, nearly 4 in 10 children under age 18 (39 percent) lived in low-income families. Eight percent of children lived in families in deep poverty (below 50 percent of the poverty threshold). All these measures of poverty have moved in similar directions over time.

The Supplemental Poverty Measure (SPM) is an alternative measure that accounts for the effects of taxes and in-kind transfers (such as SNAP benefits), regional differences in cost of living, complex family structures, and costs associated with work. In 2016, the SPM yielded a child poverty rate of 15 percent, down from 18 percent in 2013.[3]

Differences by race/Hispanic origin[4]

Hispanic and black children are much more likely to live in impoverished families than their non-Hispanic white and Asian counterparts. In 2016, 11 percent of both non-Hispanic white and Asian children were impoverished, compared with 27 percent of Hispanic children and 31 percent of black children. In the same year, Hispanic and black children were also more likely than non-Hispanic white and Asian children to live in low-income families (56 and 58 percent, versus 27 and 24 percent, respectively). Black children were more likely than Hispanic children to be in deep poverty (17 and 10 percent, respectively), and both were more likely to be in deep poverty than non-Hispanic white or Asian children (each at 5 percent).

Differences by age

In 2016, the poverty rates for children under age 5 and children ages 5 to 17 were similar, at 19 and 18 percent, respectively (Appendix 2 coming soon).

Differences by family structure

Children are much more likely to be impoverished if they live in single-mother families than if they live in married-couple families. In 2016, 42 percent of children living in single-mother families were impoverished, compared with 8 percent of children living in married-couple families. The same pattern holds for white, black, Hispanic, and Asian children. For example, almost half of black and Hispanic children in single-mother families lived below the federal poverty line in 2016 (46 and 48 percent, respectively). However, only 11 percent of black children and 17 percent of Hispanic children in married-couple families lived in poverty in 2016.

After narrowing in the 1990s, the gap between poverty rates for children in married-couple and single-mother families grew from 2000 to 2005, and then stabilized until 2008. The difference then increased from 2008 to 2011, but has since leveled off, except for a slight narrowing in 2015 (Appendix 2).

Other estimates

State and local estimates

State-level child poverty estimates are available from the Census Bureau’s American Community Survey (ACS) at http://factfinder2.census.gov/. From 2005 onward, the ACS has yearly estimates of children living at multiple income-to-poverty ratios for areas with populations of 65,000 or more, and three-year-average estimates for areas with 20,000 or more.

Additionally, state estimates from 2000–2016 for children in poverty (100 percent of the FPL), children in deep poverty (50 percent of the FPL), and other income-to-poverty ratios, as well as children in poverty by age group, are available from the KIDS COUNT Data Center at http://datacenter.kidscount.org/data#USA/2/16/20.

International estimates

Child poverty estimates (defined as the percent of children living on less than 50 percent of median disposable income, adjusted for family size and composition) for 36 economically advanced countries are available at https://www.unicef-irc.org/publications/pdf/rc10_eng.pdf (see Figure 1b).

Data and appendices

Data source

• Data for 2002–2016: U.S. Census Bureau. (2017). CPS Table Creator [Data tool]. Retrieved from http://www.census.gov/cps/data/cpstablecreator.html.
• Data for 1998–2001: U.S. Census Bureau. (1999–2002). Poverty in the United States. Current Population Reports. Retrieved from https://www.census.gov/topics/income-poverty/poverty.html.
• Data for 1995–1997 for non-Hispanic whites, Asians and Pacific Islanders, Mexicans, and Puerto Ricans: U.S. Census Bureau. (1996–1998). Poverty in the United States. Current Population Reports. Retrieved from https://www.census.gov/topics/income-poverty/poverty.html.
• All other data for 1960–1997: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Office of the Assistant Secretary for Planning and Evaluation. (2002). Trends in the well-being of America’s children and youth, 2001 [Table ES 1.2.A]. Washington, DC: Author. Retrieved from http://aspe.hhs.gov/hsp/01trends/.

Raw data source

The Current Population Survey’s Annual Social and Economic Supplement (ASEC, formerly called the March Supplement), a joint project of the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics and the U.S. Census Bureau.

www.census.gov/cps/

Appendices

Appendix 1

Appendix 2

Background

Definition

Families are considered to be living in poverty if their pre-tax income (not including in-kind benefits such as SNAP benefits [food stamps] or the Earned Income Tax Credit) is less than the federal poverty level (FPL), an income threshold that varies by family size and composition. The thresholds are updated annually to reflect inflation as measured by the Consumer Price Index (CPI). In 2016, the poverty threshold for a family of four with two related children under age 18 was $24,339, while the threshold for a family of three with two related children was $19,337. The thresholds are determined by estimating the cost of a minimally adequate diet for a family of a given configuration and size, multiplied by three.

Poverty thresholds for 1959 and beyond for various family configurations are available at http://www.census.gov/data/tables/time-series/demo/income-poverty/historical-poverty-people.html (Table 1).

Because the survey asks about income in the previous year, data for each year were collected in March of the following year. For instance, data on 2016 poverty were collected in March 2017.

In 2014, questions related to income were changed slightly, and this reduced comparability with previous data. More detail on this change is available at https://www.census.gov/content/dam/Census/library/working-papers/2015/DEMO/ASSA-Income-CPSASEC-Red.pdf.

Endnotes

[1] DeNavas-Walt, C. & Proctor, B. D. (2014). Income and poverty in the United States: 2013. Current Population Reports, Series P60-249. Retrieved from http://www.census.gov/content/dam/Census/library/publications/2014/demo/p60-249.pdf.

[2] For discussion of the limitations of the federal poverty measure, see Blank, R. M. & Greenberg, M. H. (2008). Improving the measurement of poverty (Discussion Paper 2008-17). Washington, DC: The Brookings Institution. Retrieved from http://www.brookings.edu/research/papers/2008/12/poverty-measurement-blank.

[3] Fox, L. (2017). The Supplemental Poverty Measure: 2016. Current Population Reports, Series P60-261, Table A-6. Retrieved from https://www.census.gov/content/dam/Census/library/publications/2017/demo/p60-261.pdf.

[4] Hispanics may be any race. Estimates for whites in this report do not include Hispanics.

Suggested Citation

Child Trends Databank. (2018). Children in poverty. Available at: https://www.childtrends.org/?indicators=children-in-poverty