To promote positive outcomes among youth in the JJ system, it is essential to first understand that they are not “doomed” to poor life outcomes. Research affirms that certain types of supports are especially likely to help youth thrive after traumatic experiences such as pandemics. In fact, a number of evidence-based interventions and approaches can mitigate the negative effects of trauma and positively impact brain development. Studies with youth involved in JJ have shown that up to 40 percent improve their emotional and behavioral functioning and strengths in the first year after entering services in systems of care. Among the most important factors in promoting resilience to trauma and supporting healthy brain development is having at least one reliable, nurturing caregiver.

In addition, it is critical to ensure that youth can access inclusive supports that are sensitive and responsive to their race, ethnicity, gender, gender orientation, and LGBTQIA+ identity. For staff to serve youth most effectively, it is essential that they become more aware of their own biases and attitudes; enhance their knowledge about youth experiences, beliefs, and values; and increasing their comfort and skills in talking to youth about the role of race, ethnicity, gender, and sexual orientation in service delivery. Establishing culturally responsive practices can mitigate the effects of disparity and disproportionality that persist in the JJ system. These practices include collecting and analyzing data to inform structured decision making in JJ, developing community-based alternatives to residential placement, enhancing culturally and linguistically informed services, and improving relationships between youth and law enforcement.

Finally, JJ agencies must have appropriate knowledge of and sensitivity to the potential impact of trauma on the well-being of youth, and should adopt a trauma-informed approach to JJ service provision.

Effects of COVID-19 on the juvenile justice system

COVID-19 presents considerable challenges for JJ systems to support both youth under community supervision and those in institutional confinement. JJ system leaders and staff can also take important steps to help youth involved in the system thrive. These youth, like all of their peers, experience adversities and trauma from COVID-19, including the fear of illness or death of one’s self or loved ones or the actual loss of loved ones and social supports. Additionally, institutionalized youth may lose contact with family members or access to other social supports and may experience an additional reduction in supports such as in-person mental health services. While a considerable number of youth have been released from juvenile detention as a result of COVID-19, youth who remain in detention are disproportionately Black and Latinx (compared to before the pandemic). Youth under community supervision may experience disruption to life events (e.g., employment, graduations, education) and difficulty adhering to reporting requirements (e.g., lack of in-person visits with probation or parole officers, loss of employment, or reduced employment hours). Moreover, staff serving youth in the JJ system also face challenges due to COVID-19, including an inability to serve youth in-person; the need to quickly adapt procedures and policies; worry and concern over their own health and safety; and secondary stress and vicarious traumatization for the experiences of friends, family, and youth under their custody.

Fortunately, research shows that a trauma-informed approach to promoting resilience to disasters and pandemics can be highly effective. Identifying and providing supports that promote youth emotional development and healing is a critical part of pandemic preparedness and response for JJ systems.

A trauma-informed juvenile justice system to promote resilience and healing

JJ systems that are trauma-informed are better equipped to support the safety and emotional well-being of youth. A system that is trauma-informed adheres to four key principles: 1) The system realizes the widespread impact of trauma and potential paths for recovery; 2) it recognizes the signs and symptoms of clients, families, staff, and others involved in the system; 3) it responds by fully integrating knowledge about trauma into policies, procedures, and practices; and 4) it seeks to actively resist re-traumatization. Although trauma training for JJ leadership and staff is critical, broad systemic shifts in daily operations and service delivery are also needed for JJ agencies to be truly trauma-informed. The National Child Traumatic Stress Network identifies essential elements of a trauma-informed JJ system:

The infographic below offers eight ways for JJ administrators to mitigate pandemic-related trauma and support resilience in youth affected by COVID-19.

Eight ways JJ administrators can promote resilience and healing in response to pandemics

1. Develop and implement clear and comprehensive agency policies, procedures, and infrastructure that are trauma-informed and prioritize the emotional and physical safety of youth.

• Implement trauma curricula across JJ corrections and community supervision staff (including supervisors)—and across partnering community agencies—to ensure a common language and coordinated response for addressing youth trauma (e.g., Psychological First Aid, Skills for Psychological Recovery, Think Trauma).
• Include universal trauma screening for youth involved in JJ to identify trauma and related psychological and behavioral issues. Use an effective screening tool—one that is valid, reliable, and age- and culturally-sensitive; that assesses adversities both at home (e.g., child abuse and neglect, domestic violence, parental substance abuse or mental illness, domestic violence) and in the community (i.e., social determinants of health, such as poverty, community violence, natural disasters and pandemics); and that assesses both exposure to adversity (types) and trauma symptoms (reactions). Consider using a tool adapted for pandemics (e.g., UCLA Brief COVID-19 Screen for Child/Adolescent PTSD).
• Develop formal partnerships with community service organizations, including a system for referral and follow-up and a plan to reduce structural and social barriers to accessing evidence-based and evidence-informed trauma and mental health interventions. These partnerships will enable JJ staff to quickly and effectively address youth’s and families’ emotional and basic needs.

2. Establish pandemic-specific contingency plans and policies that align with a trauma-informed approach.

• Ensure that disaster planning addresses youth trauma and offers pandemic-specific guidance for risk assessment and case planning.
• Engage in cross-system collaboration with other national, state, and local youth- and family-serving organizations and emergency systems (e.g., Red Cross, FEMA, law enforcement, schools) to coordinate a trauma-informed response. Identify common agency missions or shared agency goals and improve information sharing and resource coordination.
• Establish a technology infrastructure and reduce systems barriers to virtual visits and service delivery (e.g., billing restrictions, mobile device access and use).
• Closely monitor changes in federal, state, and county JJ policies designed to address pandemic-related challenges and support youth and staff well-being.

3. Establish inclusive agency policies and practices that address the unique needs of youth.

• Provide training for staff and leaders on trauma and cultural competence, as well as inclusion strategies for reducing and eliminating individual and institutional bias based on race, ethnicity, class, gender, and gender orientation.
• Recognize the disproportionate rates of COVID-19 infections within communities of color – particularly Black people – and the higher resulting rates of pandemic-related trauma among youth of color.
• Partner with youth to learn about their background, identity, and orientation (cultural, sexual, gender) and integrate a culturally inclusive, LGTBQIA+ responsive approach to JJ services that supports and affirms their values, beliefs, and strengths.
• Establish a plan for supporting families in under-resourced communities during a pandemic.

4. Limit detention or institutionalization to only youth who pose considerable risk to public safety, and/or youth who have therapeutic needs that can only be addressed in residential settings.

• With reductions and changes to services during the pandemic, the benefit from institutionalization for youth may be considerably diminished. At the same time, congregate care can increase the risk that COVID-19 will spread among youth and staff.
• Establish policies and practices that accurately identify both the risks and needs of youth and reduce secure detention and residential placement as much as possible for those who can instead be supervised in the community

5. For youth who are institutionalized, do not use solitary confinement for medical isolation or social distancing; this can exacerbate existing mental health issues and trigger memories of past trauma.

• Allow for healthy means of social distancing, such as increased time outdoors and staggered meals.
• Identify supportive and therapeutic activities for youth when group activities cannot be adapted to fit social distancing and health guidelines.
• Establish safety and health procedures within JJ facilities and provide resources such as COVID-19 testing, soap and hygiene products, and cleaning products.

6. For youth under community supervision, adjust community supervision requirements and processes in response to the unique challenges presented by COVID-19.

• Reduce reporting requirements concerning the frequency of meetings with probation and parole officers, as well as mandatory drug testing.
• When replacing in-person visits with video technology, maintain the structure and content of regular meetings as much as possible and show patience as youth adjust to new modes of meetings.
• Modify school, employment, and program participation requirements to those that can be safely and successfully met by youth during COVID-19.
• Limit probation or parole revocations for failure to adhere to technical conditions of community supervision that do not pose public safety risks.
• Find new and flexible supports and activities for youth that are consistent with public health guidelines (e.g., help youth overcome barriers to accessing supports due to the pandemic, such as distance learning, utilizing telehealth appointments, and applying for unemployment).

7. Help youth identify and maintain important social connections in their lives.

• Support and help maintain social connections between youth and their families, friends, and communities to provide social support and ongoing information about their safety.
• For youth in institutional settings, identify creative methods (and flexibility in agency operations) to help them connect with family members, peers, attorneys, and other social supports (e.g., increased virtual visits and emails).
• Tailor strategies to the youth’s age and developmental stage.

8. Develop and implement a plan to address well-being among staff and leaders.

• Formalize strategies for preventing, identifying, and addressing secondary traumatic stress and vicarious trauma among JJ staff and leaders by creating a workforce wellness plan that promotes high-quality, trauma-informed services and reduces staff burnout and turnover.
• Increase staff members’ awareness of the potential impacts of working with traumatized individuals on their own well-being, and emphasize the importance of prioritizing self-care (e.g., mindfulness, exercise, good nutrition, rest, social support, therapy) during the pandemic.
• Screen for secondary traumatic stress among staff (Professional Quality of Life Measure, Secondary Traumatic Stress Scale) and in the organization (e.g., Secondary Traumatic Stress Informed Organization Assessment); offer information for obtaining support as needed.

Acknowledgements and disclaimer

This research was funded by the Annie E. Casey Foundation. We thank them for their support, particularly Mildred Johnson, but acknowledge that the findings and conclusions presented in this brief are those of the author(s) alone, and do not necessarily reflect the opinions of the Foundation. We also thank the youth and juvenile justice staff who participated in focus groups and key informant interviews to inform this brief.