While the JJDPA’s achievements and its role in driving federal-state partnerships for youth justice reform are noteworthy, persistent racial and ethnic disparities have come to define youth justice systems throughout the country.² State Juvenile Justice Advisory Groups must use their Title II plans as a policy tool to eliminate these disparities. Jill Ward, a decades-long advocate and former Maine State Advisory Group chair, described the urgent need for State Advisory Groups to develop meaningful strategies and to have racial and ethnic disparities prioritized in every aspect of their plans, rather than as an add-on or standalone priority. Although the most recent reauthorization (2018) of the JJDPA established new requirements for states to address racial and ethnic disparities, Congress simultaneously reduced funding by more than 30 percent³ and disparities increased during the pandemic. It is imperative that Congress adequately fund the work of State Advisory Groups to address this longstanding problem.

Judges and prosecutors must play a more central role in eliminating disparities.

Judges and prosecutors have both the responsibility and the opportunity to influence other actors in the system, including their professional peers, and to approach their work with intentionality to eliminate disparities. Two panelists—Judge Romona Gonzalez, former president of the National Council of Juvenile and Family Court Judges; and Ramsey County (MN) prosecutor John Choi—described the unique role of judges and prosecutors in transforming youth justice systems. They also highlighted the need to continuously train and educate system professionals, especially judges and prosecutors, to understand the long history of reform and not regress by trying to look “tough on crime” with policies and practices that have previously been found to be ineffective or harmful.

Youth justice reform requires empowering communities and those with lived experience.

State officials and advocates must work collaboratively across systems to empower and support youth and families with lived experience to lead system transformation efforts. Transformation must go beyond law enforcement and court actions to address the developmental and resource needs of youth and families and must shift the power balance and solutions away from the formal system and toward communities, families, and those with lived experience—particularly in the communities most impacted by crime. Michelle Diaz, former Coalition for Juvenile Justice national chair and advocate for youth voice, urged that officials and advocates not simply voice support for those principles; instead, they should meaningfully build community and individual skills and capacities for leading reform through coaching, mentoring, training, and support.

Child Trends will continue to support discussions, reflections, and action planning on juvenile justice transformation as state and local system leaders and advocates work not only to maintain the important protections and safeguards achieved through the JJDPA—but also to transform youth justice systems to become more effective, efficient, fair, equitable, and supportive of the conditions that help youth thrive.