Positive Development of the Self: Self-concept, Self-esteem, and Identity

This chapter reviews and discusses research on the effect of positive self-development on other positive outcomes. The authors define the components of the self, including how self-concept, self-esteem and identity are measured. The theoretical and empirical evidence is discussed to support the self as a positive construct of positive development. Research is cited that suggests the developmental stability of the construct, and factors are described that affect the development and promotion of the components of the self. Instruments for measuring the self include the Thematic Apperception Test, Rosenberg Self-esteem Scale, Self-perception Profile for Children, Self-Description Questionnaire, Identity Status Interview, Objective Measure of Ego Identity Status and others. It is concluded that the empirical evidence of self-concept, self-esteem and identity demonstrates the need for a strong sense of self in order for an individual to develop positively throughout life