Indigenous communities and families carry lasting historical, cultural, and intergenerational traumas as a result of colonization, which included war, slavery, forced boarding schools, land theft, diseases, and racism. Issues resulting from colonization and trauma include individual, family, and community disparities (e.g., substance use, suicide, poverty). Colonization continues today but often looks different than its historical antecedents: For example, modern forms of colonization might include federal and state land and water management practices that privilege economic ventures and resource extraction, resulting in harm to the lands and waters that Indigenous Peoples rely on for food security. Today, 90 to 98.9 percent of lands previously cared for by Indigenous Peoples in the United States sustainably for millennia are now owned by the federal government, states, and territories. With increased non-Indigenous land and water management (which differs considerably from Indigenous land and water care, nurturance, protection, and stewardship), more species and ecosystems have declined. Additionally, non-Indigenous land and water management practices threaten the well-being of Indigenous communities by diminishing 1) the ability of Indigenous children and families to practice subsistence, which is both a protective and preventive factor against colonization and historical trauma; and 2) Indigenous food security.

Broadly, Indigenous Peoples understand subsistence as the sacred way that they live in relationship with the natural world (although Indigenous languages typically do not have a word for subsistence and the English words “food security” might be used instead). In a very narrow sense—including, for example, how it is defined in legislation—subsistence can refer to the acts of hunting, fishing, and gathering food. However, an Alaskan Inuit community member explains that subsistence, as an Indigenous concept, “encompasses everything. Everything we do from the time we wake up, to [the time we] sleep, from when we are born, to when we die.” Indigenous Peoples understand subsistence as something that goes far beyond hunting, fishing, and gathering food. They see subsistence as a way of life; a connection to their ancestors; part of their spirituality and ceremonies; an aspect of their relationality to the world and with nonhuman kin, and of their role as protectors and caregivers to the earth; and a contributor to their overall well-being.

This resource draws on Indigenous Knowledge and research to explain five ways in which practicing subsistence can support Indigenous children and family well-being.

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Enculturation is the process by which children and youth learn about cultural practices, such as subsistence, from their cousins, parents, aunties and uncles, and Elders; these learnings, in turn, teach them about their culture and help them form their identities as Indigenous persons. Subsistence practices include such activities as attending fish camp; going berry picking; harvesting wild rice; harvesting whales; and hunting deer, elk, bear, moose, and other fauna. Subsistence is not only practiced to obtain food, but is an integral part of Indigenous identity and culture. Its practice involves harvesting, processing, and sharing food; singing, dancing, and telling stories about subsistence practices; and feasting together within communities. Subsistence practices also increase access to and knowledge of Native languages, as youth learn and use Indigenous terms for plants and animals.

Ninilchik Village Tribal Elder, Eric Kvasnikoff, teaching youth how to mend a subsistence gillnet.

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Research demonstrates that enculturation through cultural continuity for Indigenous youth and people promotes resilience and serves as a protective factor against substance use and mental health issues. This protection happens through a developed sense of pride in being Indigenous and a feeling of belonging to a culture and community. Enculturation and identity are also tied to improved educational outcomes. Finally, learning Indigenous languages can strengthen identities, build intergenerational connectedness, reduce substance use, and improve well-being.

Historically, Indigenous children and families came together to engage in subsistence as a traditional activity on lands and waters, as it has been practiced for millennia. Due to colonization, however, Indigenous peoples’ health has suffered as they have been moved off their traditional lands and waters and lost traditional subsistence practices tied to the plants and animals found in those places. Instead, they have been given unhealthy commodity foods to sustain them in their new environments, which have resulted in physical health issues like diabetes.

A renewed engagement in subsistence—an activity that provides food for families, Elders, and the whole community—can give children deeper knowledge of subsistence practices. This, in turn, helps them build a sense of purpose and develop skills in harvesting, leadership, self-discipline, self-esteem, and working together cooperatively. Promoting subsistence practices would also promote physical activity through gathering natural foods and eating nutritious unprocessed foods.

By hunting and gathering with their cousins, parents, aunties and uncles, and Elders—or through culture camps—Indigenous children and youth learn about relationality and the kinship humans have with the natural world and its animals, birds, and plants. They learn to harvest sustainably and to ask permission before taking. This practice teaches children the history of Indigenous land and water care over millennia and explains the sacred relationship between humans and the environment. While many Indigenous Peoples have been displaced through colonization, there are movements to return to growing traditional foods and rebuilding relationships with the land and waters to help address health issues that have resulted from commodity foods and to rekindle the relational approach to the land and water. These efforts promote food sovereignty through traditional foods, gardening, and animal husbandry, and reconnect people to the land and waters for mental, emotional, and spiritual health benefits.

The social impacts of subsistence include intergenerational relationships and a sense of being connected to family and the community. Subsistence incorporates intergenerational learning, the sharing of food with Elders, and the process through which adults and Elders pass on Knowledge of food gathering and processing—in short, subsistence helps Indigenous Peoples maintain relationships through food and giving. People also build memories together and familial bonds, which enable mentorship and learning via intergenerational teachings. These bonds lead to responsibility and accountability for the well-being of others. Indigenous connectedness is closely tied to happiness, well-being, and healing from historical trauma: People not only hunt and gather together but engage in ceremonies and feasts around food, which protects against mental health issues and substance use.

Indigenous spirituality organizes the world by explaining relationships between people and the natural world. Indigenous children and youth engaging in subsistence learn about how traditional Indigenous spirituality and ceremony are tied to the relationality between people and the environment. Subsistence is critical to Indigenous Peoples maintaining their millennia-long cultural and spiritual practices. Indigenous adults see subsistence not only as a part of their well-being but of their spiritual fulfillment, and value passing these practices to children. Indigenous spirituality and the worldview of connectedness to the natural world in a circular and reciprocal process promotes balance, protects from substance use, and supports family well-being.

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This resource draws on the following articles and brief:

Gordon, H.S.J., & Zukowski, A. (2023). Indigenous Community-Developed and Community-Led Projects: Addressing Colonization through Using Culture as a Protective Factor. International Indigenous Policy Journal. 14(2). https://10.18584/iipj.2023.14.2.14723

Gordon, H.S.J. (2023). Current policy landscape prevents subsistence protections and practices necessary for Alaska Native children and families’ well-being. Child Trends. https://doi.org/10.56417/4514n241c

Gordon, H. S. J. (2022). Alaska Native Subsistence Rights: Taking an Anti-Racist Decolonizing Approach to Land Management and Ownership for Our Children and Generations to Come. Societies, 12(3), 72. https://doi.org/10.3390/soc12030072