- Only 1 abstinence-only education program has been experimentally evaluated (Postponing Sexual Involvement/ENABL) and it showed no impact on the frequency of sexual activity. Few strong evaluations of abstinence-only programs have been conducted. Future evaluations will assess the effectiveness of these programs.

- All 3 clinic-based programs that examined frequency of sexual activity as an outcome found no impacts (ASSESS ; Danielson et al. 1990 in Portland, OR and Vancouver, WA ; and DeLameter et al. 2000 in Milwaukee, WI).

- 2 sexuality education programs measured frequency of sexual activity as an outcome (Project SNAPP and Safer Choices). Neither program showed an impact on the outcome.

- 5 HIV/AIDS education programs measured frequency of sexual activity as an outcome. 2 showed positive impacts (Becoming a Responsible Teen; and Be Proud, Be Responsible); and 3 had no impact (Be Proud! Be Responsible! A Sexual abstinence Curriculum; Be Proud! Be Responsible! A Safer Sex Curriculum ; and YAPP).

- One program that combines youth development and sexuality education had a positive impact on the frequency of sexual activity (Washington State, 1 out of 3 sites had a positive impact).

- Focus on delaying age of sexual debut.

- Promote participation in sports (effective for girls only in non-experimental research).

- Having an older sibling who is a teen parent is a risk factor.

- Strengthen mother-child relationships and combine with mom's disapproval of sex.

- Promote high parent education levels.

- Sexuality education and HIV education programs that include 10 components were associated with more positive outcomes (Kirby, 2001).

- Sexuality or HIV education programs that did not include the 10 components listed above, including programs that were primarily didactic and that did not include teen involvement, were not associated with a reduced frequency of sexual activity. Programs short in duration appear to have no association with outcomes.