- Programs that include voluntary community service, preparation time, and time for reflection after service through activities such as group discussions, papers, or journaling (Teen Outreach Program).

- Early childhood education programs for low-income families reduce the likelihood of pregnancies and births during the teen years (High/Scope Perry Pre-School and Abecedarian.

- Nurse home visiting programs, in which trained nurses visit expectant teen mothers before and after the baby is born and help promote maternal and child outcomes, reduce subsequent pregnancies (Olds et al., 1999).

- Welfare demonstration programs have shown minimal effects on subsequent fertility (New Chance and TPD)

- Neither of the 2 sexuality education programs that focused on pregnancy/births had an impact (McMaster Teen Program and Project SNAPP).

- The only clinic-based program to measure pregnancy outcomes showed no impact (Hercog-Baron et al. 1986 in Philadelphia).

- One short-term youth development program (Quantum Opportunities) showed no impact on birth rates, except in the Philadelphia site.

- Of the 4 vocational education programs that measured pregnancies and births as an outcome, only one showed a positive impact (Conservation and Youth Service Corps). This positive impact was observed for black women only; there was no impact on non-Hispanic white or Hispanic women. The other 3 vocational education programs had no impact (Job Corps; JOBSTART; STEP).

- One intensive long-term program that combines youth development and sexuality education; effective for females (Children's Aid Society).

- Focus on delaying age of sexual debut.

- Reduce other risky behaviors, such as substance abuse.

- Improve educational performance.

- Discourage dropping out of school.

- Encourage teens to form high educational aspirations and to develop friendships with peers who also have high educational aspirations.

- Promote participation in sports (effective for girls only).

- Promote church attendance/ religiosity/ religious activity.

- Recognize that having an older sibling who is a teen parent is a risk factor.

- Encourage parent-child communication about pregnancy.

- Strengthen parent-child emotional bonds and relationships.

- Emphasize importance of shared activities between parents and children.

- Improve family socioeconomic standing.

- Provide supports to maintain intact families.

- Convey to parents the importance of having high college expectations for their adolescents (effective for boys).

- Focus on ways to reduce "intergenerational transmission" of teenage sexual behaviors.

- Encourage teens to date partners close to their own age.

- Reduce the occurrence of non-voluntary sexual experiences.

- Attend school with higher socioeconomic status and lower crime levels.

- Live in a community with higher socioeconomic status and lower crime.