In addition, in a study of 270 adolescents (17 - 20 years old), youth were randomly assigned to either a cooperative or competitive goal structure. The adolescents who perceived themselves as being warm, considerate, and friendly behaved in a more cooperative manner during the group task including helping their teammates, regardless of group assignment, than the youth who perceived themselves as cold, rude, and selfish (Graziano, Hair, & Finch, 1997).