A cross-sectional investigation by Updegraff, McHale, Crouter, and Kupanoff (2001) indicates that parental involvement in their adolescent's peer relationships (measured in time spent with the adolescents and peers, and parental discussion of peers and peer activities) appears to promote more positive peer relationships. This phenomenon varied along gender lines, as positive peer effects were especially pronounced among male adolescents. Furthermore, mothers appeared to influence the amount of time sons spent with best friends and daughters' involvement with friends, and fathers appeared to significantly influence peer group involvement, and intimacy and negativity in sons' friendships. Participants were mothers, fathers, and adolescent children in the eighth through tenth grade at Time 1 from 187 intact families in the northeast. Participants were almost entirely Caucasian (98%), of middle- or working-class socioeconomic status, and virtually all wives worked at least part time. The peer relationship was measured in the areas of intimacy, involvement, and negativity with the adolescent's closest same-sex best friend. Parental involvement did not affect levels of perceived peer competence (K. A. Updegraff, McHale, Crouter, & Kupanoff, 2001).