Longitudinal research conducted by Dubas (2001) revealed, among the 335 predominantly white, middle class adolescents sampled, that males tend to report greater closeness to their grandfathers than do females. Interestingly, this finding is consistent with Hagestad's (1983) contention that grandfathers tend to show higher regard for grandsons. The author attributes her findings to cultural norms on gender relationships that make it easier for grandfathers to relate to late-adolescent grandsons than to late-adolescent granddaughters (Dubas, 2001). Similarly, Creasey (1993) found that regardless of family status, granddaughters reported closer relationships with their grandmothers than grandsons reported with their grandfathers. To summarize the effects of gender (in this case both grandchild and grandparent gender) on the grandchild-grandparent relationships, Dubas (2001) found, based on grandchild reports, that granddaughters were closest to grandmothers, grandsons reported the next level of closeness to grandfathers, grandsons reported the next level of closeness with grandmothers, and granddaughters reported the lowest level of closeness with their grandfathers.