Data from a subset of the National Survey of Adolescent Health (Add Health) Wave 1 participants who reported living with a father or father figure (n=13,308) indicate that the father's income level and employment status are positively associated with his level of closeness to the child, as is religiosity. This closeness is negatively affected by the father's coresidence with a women "with whom the adolescent does not have affective feelings"
Data from a longitudinal study of 1,158 10- to 14-year-olds indicate that poor quality of parent or parent-figure employment predicts lower reports of maternal warmth in the mother-child relationship (Menaghan, Kowaleski-Jones, & Mott, 1997). Participants were children of women in the nationally representative NLSY79; however, this sample does not represent 10- to 14-year-olds in general, as they were all born to mothers of lower-than-average childbearing age (over a quarter were under age 18, all were under age 23).