Improvement in the parent-child union can also be accomplished through a reduction of conflict in the relationship. Programs such as ASSET (Adolescent Social Skills Effectiveness Training) seek to reduce such conflict with social skills training for both parents and children. A quasi-experimental evaluation by Noble, Adams and Openshaw (1989), and later by Openshaw, Mills, Adams and Durso (1992), investigated the impact of ASSET on 25 Mormon, dual-parent, middle-class parent-child dyads. The dyads were recruited through advertisements, and self-selected themselves into the control and treatment groups according to their ability to accommodate the training schedule (Openshaw et al., 1992). Pre- and post-tests were performed. One study found that the parent-child pairs in the treatment group improved communication and problem-solving skills at a rate of two- to three- times that of the comparison group (Noble et al., 1989). The other study reported "only modest evidence… that social skills enhancement was able to significantly improve interpersonal relationships," but found improvements in social skills for both groups; post-test, adolescents demonstrated improved problem-solving and negotiability, parents perceived changes, in the expected directions, of warmth and hostility in the relationships, and both parties reported increases in their ability to give and receive negative feedback (Openshaw et al., 1992).