Interestingly, longitudinal research conducted by Shapiro and Lambert (1999) suggested that it is, in fact, the residential status of the parent that most significantly affects the parent-child relationship following divorce. Participants were 844 married fathers of a minor child at Time 1 who were participating in the NSFH. At the Time 2 interview, four to seven years later, some of the participants had divorced (14%); at this time the participants' focal child was no older than 19 years of age. In-depth analysis revealed that divorced fathers who lived with the child, 29% of the divorced cases, reported father-child relationships of a similar quality to those of continuously married fathers and their children. Similarly, analysis of a subsample of the NSFH--- 4,422 individuals 19 to 34 years old, with a history of three or fewer family types, and with a living parent from whom they lived independently--- revealed differences in parent-child relationship quality by custody arrangement in nonintact families (Aquilino, 1994). Reports of the quality of custodial mother-child relationships in nonintact families were nearly as positive as those of participants from intact families; there was virtually no difference in relationship quality when marital dissolution had occurred early in the child's life. However, reports of the quality of non-custodial father-child relationships from nonintact, maternal custody families were significantly more negative than those of participants from intact families. Conversely, reports of custodial father-child relationships from nonintact families reveal a significantly higher quality relationship than in the case of noncustodial fathers or even resident fathers from intact families.