Longitudinal data collected over three years by Paley et al. (2000) revealed that higher levels of negative affect towards the adolescent predicted adolescent reports of parents as untrustworthy and unsupportive. Affect was measured by the ratio of parental hostility versus warmth, as expressed during parent-child interaction. The sample consisted of 337 Caucasian adolescents between the ages of 12 and 14 at time who lived with both biological parents and at least one sibling within four years of their age. The participants were of mostly middle- to lower-middle-class families in the rural Midwest. [included in the table paragraph w/ the following blue] A cross-sectional study by Gavin and Furman (1996) investigated the individual characteristics of mothers and daughters, and daughters and best friends, in harmonious and disharmonious relationships. The sample consisted of 60 adolescent girls between 15 and 18 years old, and was almost entirely from a Caucasian American, middle class background. The participants were selected according to their membership in very harmonious or very disharmonious relationships. Certain characteristics in both mother and daughter, such as higher levels of socioemotional support, displays of affection, appropriate power-sharing (featuring increasing autonomy for the adolescent), and similar interests and emotional needs, appeared to promote a harmonious relationship. Joint usage of "cooperative social skills" and problem-solving ability were also predictive of harmonious relationships.