Researchers have also found qualities that relate inversely to adolescent empathy development. In a cross-sectional study, Ritter (1979) found that egocentrism was negatively associated with perspective taking or empathy. The sample consisted of 40 white, suburban high-schoolers. Henry et al. (1996) found that high levels of self-esteem were associated with low levels of empathic response. Finally, a cross-sectional study of 172 late adolescents revealed that adolescent aggression and empathy appear to be inversely related (Mehrabian & Epstein, 1972).