Individual characteristics associated with global self-confidence have been found to be associated with social confidence. Cross-sectional research on 131 Northeastern, white college-age adolescents of varyied socio-economic background (Filsinger & Anderson, 1982), 242 suburban high-schoolers of varied race/ethnicity (Connolly, 1989), and participants in Barber and Erikson's (2001) longitudinal study, described above, shows that social assertiveness, social self-efficacy, and social initiative are linked to levels of self-esteem.