As mentioned above, the effects of the family on adolescent self-control is not always positive. In a national longitudinal sample of over 4,400 adults, researchers found that parental use of corporal punishment during adolescence predicted the youth's later approval of violence against their own spouse, elevated marital conflict, as well as depression as an adult (Straus & Yodanis, 1996). Similarly, cross-sectional research of 120 low- to middle-income, Hispanic-American adolescents revealed that an individual's level of aggression towards peers was positively associated with total conflicts with his or her father (Collins, Laursen, Mortensen, Luebker, & Ferreira, 1997).