One such cross-sectional study included 319 adolescents, between the ages of 16 and 19 years, who were full-time students in high school or college and were working for pay, at least 5 hours per week, in a formal organization (Frone, 1998). The study population was not randomly sampled but rather recruited through advertisements. Participants were 40% male and 68% white.

Adolescents who reported using alcohol or marijuana while working were at an increased risk of occupational injury, as were adolescents who reported exposure to more physical hazards at work.