As outlined above, behaviors play an important role in motor vehicle safety. Studies suggest that beliefs and attitudes also matter in the context of adolescent drinking and driving, reckless driving, and seatbelt use-and thus are likely to be important in the context of motor-vehicle-related injury. The short-term longitudinal study described in the previous paragraph (Klepp & Perry, 1990; Klepp, Perry, & Jacobs, 1991) additionally identified several beliefs and attitudes that predict drinking and driving behavior, at least in the short term. Among the 10th and 11th grade participants, those who perceived a greater ability to drive after drinking and those who had lower self-confidence in their ability to avoid drinking and driving were more likely to report drinking and driving behavior.