Parental behaviors and attitudes also matter. Low parental monitoring (Jackson, et al., 1998; Cohen, et al., 1994) and inconsistent discipline of adolescent daughters by their mothers (Chassin, Presson, Todd, Rose, & Sherman, 1998) have been found to predict adolescent smoking. On the other hand, parental anti-smoking attitudes (Griffin, et al., 1999; Chassin, et al., 1998) and a positive, supportive parent-child relationship (Chassin, et al., 1991; Chassin, et al., 1998; Cohen, et al., 1994) appear to protect against adolescent smoking. For example, Cohen and colleagues (1994), followed more than 2,000 5th and 7th grade students through grades 8 and 9, respectively. The 5th grade sample was about evenly split across genders and was 15% Asian, 32% Hispanic, 38% white, 4% black, and 11% other or unknown ethnicity. The 7th grade sample had similar gender and ethnic distributions. The study's findings indicate that parenting factors at baseline were related to the likelihood that adolescents would initiate a smoking habit by follow-up, two to three years later. The protective parenting factors identified in this study include a positive parent-child relationship-characterized by whether parents provide positive feedback through praise, encouragement, and physical affection-and related to the extent of quality time and quality communication shared between parents and their children. Greater parental monitoring, defined by whether parents set curfews and know their children's whereabouts, was also associated with a decreased risk of smoking initiation among the adolescent participants.