Several studies point to the effectiveness of cognitive-behavioral therapy in reducing anxious and phobic symptoms. For instance, Barrett, Dadds and Rapee (1996) randomly assigned 79 seven- to 14-year-old youth to a cognitive-behavior therapy, cognitive-behavior therapy plus family management or a wait-list group. The youth had been diagnosed with separation anxiety, overanxious disorder or social phobia. At the six-month follow-up, the researchers found that 69.8% of the youth in the treatment condition no longer met diagnostic criteria for an anxiety disorder, compared to only 26% in the control condition. The researchers also found that including family management with cognitive-behavior therapy has an additive effect (at the 12-month follow-up, 95.6% of youth no longer met criteria compared to 70.3% of youth in the cognitive-behavioral therapy only group). The additive effects of parental involvement were assessed in a randomized control study of 50 seven to 14 year olds suffering from social phobia (Spence, Donovan & Brechman-Toussaint, 2000). Youth were assigned either to a child-only cognitive-behavioral treatment, a cognitive-behavioral therapy plus parent treatment or a wait-list control group. Results showed a significant improvement for both treatment groups compared to the control group. However, there was not a significant difference between the treatments. The results were sustained at a 12-month follow-up. In another randomized control study, 56 children and youth (mean age = 9.96 years old; range = 6 to 16 years old) were assigned either to a group cognitive-behavioral therapy group or to a wait-list control group (Silverman, Kurtines, Ginsburg, Weems, Lumpkin & Carmichael, 1999). The participants (34 boys and 22 girls) had been diagnosed with either social phobia, overanxious disorder or generalized anxiety disorder. The results indicate that the treatment group showed substantial improvements and that the improvements were sustained over three, six and 12-month follow-ups. The wait-list control group did not show any significant improvement. In two randomized trials, Kendall (Kendall, 1994; Kendall, Flannery-Schroeder, Panichell-Mindel, Southam-Gerow, Henin & Warman, 1997) found that anxious youth (nine to 13 years old) who received a cognitive-behavioral treatment functioned significantly better than anxious youth in a wait-list control group. The first study had 47 youth, of whom 78% were white (Kendall, 1994), and the second study had 94 youth, of whom 87% were white (Kendall et al., 1997).