Family relationships are also thought to be key in the development of anxiety disorders. Such influences could operate through at least two pathways. The first is learning anxiety through parents' modeling of it. The second pathway could be through the development of a feeling of a lack of control, brought about by faulty early attachment relationships. Also, parenting practices that are characterized by high levels of control and overprotectiveness, and low levels of sensitive responsiveness, may cause children to have poor coping strategies, low confidence levels, and the feeling of a lack of control, leading to the development of anxiety disorders (Chorpita & Barlow, 1998; Zahn-Waxler, Klimes-Dougan, & Slattery, 2000). Although we were unable to find any longitudinal studies of familial influences on the development of anxiety disorders in adolescents, a correlational study using a sample of third through sixth graders can shed some light on the issue. Using child and parent reports with a sample of 435 children, Messer and Beidel (1994) found that, compared to controls, children with overanxious disorder or social phobia reported that their families were characterized by high levels of parental control. The authors conclude that a genetic predisposition for anxiety disorders, early temperament, and a familial environment that limits the development of independence are all factors in the development of childhood anxiety disorders.