In a study including large samples of high school students from China and the United States, Bush (2000) examined associations between adolescents' perceptions of autonomy support from their parents, conformity to parents, and self-esteem. Because autonomy is often perceived as a distinctly Western value, these researchers hypothesized that autonomy would be a better predictor of self-esteem among American (all White) adolescents than among Chinese adolescents, while conformity was expected to be positively associated with self-esteem among the Chinese students, more so than among American students. Contrary to this expectation, however, Bush reported that perceived autonomy support, more than conformity, was associated with high self-esteem in both samples.