- Programs aimed at fostering academic and social competence among disadvantaged high school students
- Promote increased academic self-concept
- Promote increased school engagement
- Decrease adolescents' perceived economic limitations to education
- Promote a more internal locus of control
- Promote adolescents' academic achievement
- Discourage school disciplinary problems
- Decrease grade retention
- Promote enrollment in academic track at school
- Discourage adolescents' extensive employment during school-year
Family Level
- Promote increased socioeconomic status of families
- Promote increased parental education
- Promote two-parent families
- Promote smaller families
- Promote greater parental involvement in adolescents' education
- Promote authoritative parenting style
- Promote greater parental expectations for their adolescents' education
Peer Level
- Promote increased educational aspirations among adolescents' peers or alter adolescents' perceptions of their peers' educational aspirations
School Level
- Increase school expenditures
- Discourage adolescents' perceptions that they are less competent than their classmates
- Promote increased teacher expectations and support for adolescents' education or adolescents' perceptions of their teachers' expectations
Program Level
- Service learning programs
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