Research has also shown that parental education is associated with increased probability of attending college. Haveman and Wolfe (1995) found that parental education, as indicated by high school graduation, attending some college, and having a father who is a college graduate, is related to a higher likelihood of attending college, after controlling for background factors. Borus and Carpenter (1984) found that high school seniors whose fathers were high school graduates were more likely to attend college than those whose fathers were not. Parental educational attainment was also found to be a significant predictor of college attendance of rural students in an analysis of a national sample (Smith, 1995). Zaff, et al. (2001) found that SES, a composite variable, comprised of parental education, parental occupation, parental employment status, and family income was predictive of college attendance.