Prior achievement is also associated with college attendance and completion. Borus and Carpenter (1984) found that high school seniors who had received remedial education were less likely to attend college than those who had not. Zaff, Moore, Papillo, and Williams (2001), in an analysis of a sample of 8,599 adolescents using the National Educational Longitudinal Study of 1988 (NELS) found that prior composite reading and math test scores were predictive of increased likelihood of attending college. These studies controlled for multiple background factors.