However, not all youth development programs have had positive effects on adolescents' educational attainment. The programs below, which were all evaluated experimentally, were not found to improve the educational attainment of their adolescent participants in comparison to control group students. For example, graduation rates of program participants in Children at Risk and the Summer Training and Education Program (STEP), and Upward Bound (UB) were not found be significantly higher than those of control group youth (Harrell, Cavanaugh, and Sridharan, 1999; Grossman and Sipe, 1992). Upward Bound participants were not found to be significantly different in high school dropout or overall college attendance rate than control group youth; however some subgroups, namely, Whites, Latinos, more disadvantaged participants, and longer-term participants, were more likely to graduate from high school than control group members from similar backgrounds. UB evaluators caution that these findings are preliminary as the full experimental group was not of age to be included in the educational attainment analyses (Myers and Schrim, 1999).