A number of studies have found that adolescents' sexual risk-taking behaviors and early childbearing and parenting are related to the years of schooling they complete. Cairns, Cairns, and Neckerman (1989) found that early parenthood predicted high school dropout. All of the 15 students who reported being parents dropped out of high school, including boys and girls in the lower risk, average-achieving clusters. Later intercourse initiation was associated with decreased likelihood of dropping out for males and females. Later initial pregnancy was associated with decreased likelihood of dropping out among women, after controlling for background factors (Mensch and Kandel, 1988). Klepinger, Lundberg, and Plotnick (1995), in a national analysis of a sample of 2,795 women, found that giving birth before age 20 was moderately associated with a decrease of nearly three years of schooling completed by age 25 among Blacks, Hispanics, and Whites. Giving birth to a child before age was is found to be moderately associated with fewer years of schooling (1.2 years lower) completed by age 25 for Blacks only. These findings held after controlling for background factors, including religiosity, parental education, family structure, number of siblings, and foreign-born status, and further controlling for the endogeneity of educational attainment. Similarly, Myers, Moore, Morrison, Nord, and Brown (1992), using NLSY data, found that later age of first birth was associated with the highest grade completed. In an examination of the literature on the relationship between adolescent pregnancy and high school completion, researchers found that women who became pregnant early were less likely to complete high school (Nord, Moore, Morrison, Brown, Myers, 1992). Debate as to whether the relationship between adolescent fertility and educational attainment is causal has been ongoing; however, findings from a review of the literature suggest that a small, but predictive, relationship is present after controlling for endogenous and background factors (Nord et al., 1992).