Involvement by nonresidential fathers is also related to adolescents' achievement. King (1994), in an analysis of NLSY data, found that greater levels of child support, but not visitation, from non-residential fathers was related to higher scholastic competence and higher math and reading scores within a national sample of both children and adolescents whose parents were not married. This study controlled for the child's sex, race, birth order, region of residence, distance from father, mother's education, religion, and household income (from all but child support), current marital status, and time since divorce. However, Nord, Brimhall, and West (1997), in an analysis of National Household Education Survey (NHES) data, found that adolescents in grades 6 to 12 who were living with single mothers were more likely to get mostly A's when their fathers were highly involved over the past year, in comparison to children with fathers with low involvement. These findings held after controlling for background factors, such as race, sex, parental education, household income, maternal employment, extracurricular activity participation, prior suspension or expulsion, and current family structure.