A couple of studies have documented a relationship between family structure and adolescents' school engagement. For instance, examining a national sample of adolescents, McNeal (1999) found that adolescents in single-headed households in 8th grade were more likely to be truant in 10th grade than those in two-parent households, even after controlling for important correlates of family structure, such as the adolescent's race, the family's SES, and the level of parental monitoring and involvement in school. This finding is replicated in a second national sample by McLanahan and Sandefur (1994), who also found that adolescents from one-parent families showed lower levels of attendance than those from two-parent families in a national study after controlling important factors related to family structure.