Two other studies have suggested that there is a link between adolescents' feelings of connectedness with others at school and belonging at school (which itself is considered a form of school engagement) and their emotional school engagement. For instance, in a sample of African American and Caucasian 6th grade students in Michigan, Anderman (1999) found that students who reported greater feelings of school belonging and a greater desire to have friends at school expressed stronger positive affect toward school, including greater feelings of happiness, contentment, and excitement. This relationship held true even after controlling for differences in students' levels of affect, school grades, and demographic characteristics in 5th grade. Likewise, Connell and Halpern-Felsher (1997) found that urban, African American junior high school students who reported feeling more connected to themselves, their peers, and their teachers also reported greater emotional and behavioral engagement in school. Yet, these two measures were taken from a single point in time, hence these findings should be interpreted with caution.