Finally, a second project focused on the effects of different types of programs for students with learning disabilities reported in 64 different studies, many of which were focused specifically on adolescents and all of which compared a "treatment group" that received the program to a "comparison group" that did not receive the program (Elbaum & Vaughn, 2001). The authors of this analysis reported that, averaging across the different studies, these programs appear to have a positive effect on academic self-concept, with those in the treatment group showing higher levels of academic self-concept than those in the control group. Further, there is some evidence that the effects on academic self-concept are larger in samples of middle school students than those of high school students, and are only significant for programs with an academic (e.g., peer tutoring, cooperative learning) or counseling (i.e., affectively-oriented programs) focus for middle school students and with a counseling focus for high school students.