Parents can act as socializing agents for positive citizenship among youth, either by reinforcing adolescents' actions or by modeling positive citizenship behavior. Several small, cross-sectional studies have revealed a relationship between parenting (i.e., reinforcement, modeling, warmth and support) and adolescent positive citizenship (e.g., Kasser, Ryan, Zax & Sameroff, 1995); but few longitudinal or experimental studies have been conducted. In one example, Fletcher, Elder and Mekos (2000) analyzed data from the Iowa Youth and Families Project, a longitudinal study of 451 Caucasian American families from several rural counties in north central Iowa. Using data from the 9th and 10th grade waves, they sought to determine whether parental influence predicts adolescent involvement in community service (e.g., Sunday-school teacher, Future Farmers of American) and other community level activities (sports, academic activities, etc.). Overall, it appears that parental modeling of participation, parental warmth, and parental reinforcement of adolescent behavior is associated with extracurricular activity participation, including community service. Parental reinforcement of youth involvement is most predictive when the parents are not, themselves, involved in community service activities.