Alternatively, among sexually experienced adolescent females younger than age 18 in a national sample, living in a step-parent family is associated with a reduced likelihood of using any contraception at first sex compared with living with two biological parents (Manning et al., 2000). Female adolescents who lived in single-parent households were more likely to use the pill (versus a condom) at first sex than teens in a two-parent household (Manning et al., 2000). Living in a two-parent family is also associated with a reduced likelihood of teen parenthood among females and males (Afxentiou & Hawley, 1997; Haveman, Wolfe & Wilson, 1997; McLanahan & Sandefur, 1994; Stouthamer-Loeber & Wei, 1998).