Parent attitudes, as well as adolescent perceptions of parental attitudes about adolescent sexual activity, contraceptive use, and childbearing are associated with teen reproductive health behaviors.  For example, several national studies show that perceived parental disapproval of sexual activity is associated with reduced risk of adolescent sexual activity (Bearmann & Brückner, 2001; Blum, Beuhring & Rinehart, 2000; Halpern et al., 2000; Resnick et al., 1997), and, in bivariate analyses, with having fewer sexual partners among those female teens who are sexually experienced (Luster & Small, 1997). Adolescents who report parental pressure not to have sex also have a reduced likelihood of sexual experience (Widmer, 1997).