Among white and Hispanic teens, dropouts - especially young dropouts - were more likely to have a school-age pregnancy, net of other family and educational factors. Although African American teens did not show a relationship between dropping out and the risk of pregnancy, other measures of educational performance and aspirations were important risk factors for this group (Manlove, 1998).

For female adolescents, participation in sports has been shown to have a delaying effect on initiation of first intercourse, to lower the frequency of sexual intercourse, and to decrease the number of lifetime sexual partners (Miller, Sabo, Farrell, Barnes, & Melnick, 1998; Sabo, Miller, Farrell, Barnes, & Melnick, 1998). Participation in sports increases the likelihood of using contraception among both male and female adolescents (Miller, Sabo et al., 1998) and reduces the likelihood of a female adolescent getting pregnant (Sabo et al., 1998).