Specific parent-adolescent discussions about sexuality and contraceptive use are also associated with adolescent sexual behaviors. Researchers studying small cross-sections of minority teens have found an association between parent-child discussions of condoms and more frequent and consistent condom use by adolescents (Miller, Levin, Whitaker, & Xu, 1998; Romer et al., 1999). Using national data, Manlove et al. (2000) found that girls who discussed with their parents how pregnancy occurs had a lower likelihood of teen birth than girls who did not talk with their parents about this topic. Holtzman and Rubinson's (1995) examination of never-married teens aged 13-19 showed that students who discussed HIV with their parents were less likely to report multiple sex partners or to have unprotected intercourse. In contrast, students who discussed HIV with their peers were more likely to have multiple sex partners. Holtzman and Rubinson also found differences by gender; females were more affected by discussions with parents while males were more affected by discussions with peers. Finally, using a sample of black and Hispanic adolescents in grades 9 to 11, Whitaker and Miller (2000) found that parent-adolescent discussions about sex and condoms are associated with adolescents displaying less conformity to perceived peer norms and behaviors regarding sexual activity and condom use. Furthermore, teens who talked with their parents about sex were more likely to believe that parents, rather than peers, provide the most useful information about sex.