In a study of minority adolescents aged 14-16 from Alabama, New York City, and San Juan, Puerto Rico, Miller, Forehand, et al. (1999) found that higher levels of parental monitoring are associated with fewer sexual partners among males and females as well as a greater likelihood of condom use among sexually active teens. In a bivariate study of predominately white females from a Midwestern state, Luster and Small (1997) found that teenagers whose parents closely monitored their activities had fewer sexual partners than teens whose parents did not monitor their activities.